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Preface
to the third edition
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vii
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1 Basic
concepts
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1
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1.1 Historical
background
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2
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1.2 What
are object-oriented methods?
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10
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1.3 Basic
terminology and ideas
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10
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1.3.1
Abstractions and encapsulation
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17
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1.3.2
Inheritance
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26
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1.3.3
Encapsulation, inheritance and object-orientation
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33
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1.4 Summary
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36
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1.5 Bibliographical
notes
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37
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1.6 Exercises
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39
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2
The benefits of object-oriented programming
and methods
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41
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2.1 The
benefits
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43
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2.2 Some
problems and pitfalls
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58
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2.3 Case
studies
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62
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2.4 Adoption
strategies
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64
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2.5 Summary
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68
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2.6 Bibliographical
notes
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70
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2.7 Exercises
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71
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3 Object-oriented
and object-based programming languages
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73
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3.1 Object-oriented
languages
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74
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3.1.1
Simula
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74
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3.1.2
Smalltalk and its dialects
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76
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3.1.3
C extensions
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78
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3.1.4
Eiffel
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82
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3.1.5
Java
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84
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3.1.6
Object-Oriented COBOL
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86
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3.2 Other
languages with object-oriented features
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87
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3.3 Functional
and applicative languages
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89
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3.4 AI
based systems
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94
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3.4.1
Lisp extensions
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94
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3.4.2
Other AI based development systems
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98
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3.5 Object
libraries, application frameworks and OO 4GLs
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99
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3.6 Other
developments
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102
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3.6.1
Other languages
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102
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3.6.2
Type theories and object-oriented programming
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104
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3.6.3
Object-oriented programming in conventional
languages
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106
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3.7 Selecting
an object-oriented language
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107
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3.8 Directions
and trends
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109
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3.9 Summary
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110
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3.10 Bibliographical
notes
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112
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3.11 Exercises
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113
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4 Distributed
computing, middleware and migration
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115
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4.1 Distributed
and client-server computing
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116
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4.1.1 Network
and architectural issues
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125
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4.2 Object
request brokers and middleware
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126
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4.2.1
The rôle of XML
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135
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4.3 Enterprise
Application Integration
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137
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4.4 Migration
strategies
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141
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4.4.1 Interoperation
of object-oriented systems with conventional
IT
4.4.2 Data
management strategies for wrappers
4.4.3 Practical
problems with migration
4.4.4 Reusing
existing software components and packages
4.4.5 Using
object-oriented analysis as a springboard
4.4.6
Object-oriented analysis and knowledge based
prototyping
4.4.7
Object technology as a migration strategy in
itself
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142
145
147
149
151
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155
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4.5 Summary
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157
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4.6 Bibliographical
notes
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160
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4.7 Exercises
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161
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5 Database
technology
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163
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5.1 A
potted history of data models
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164
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5.1.1
Weaknesses of early databases
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166
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5.1.2
The relational model and how it helps
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169
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5.1.3
Semantic data models and data analysis methods
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181
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5.2 Weaknesses
in the relational model
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188
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5.2.1
Normalization
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188
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5.2.2
Integrity and business rules
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189
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5.2.3
Null Values
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190
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5.2.4
Abstract data types and complex objects
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191
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5.2.5
Recursive queries
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191
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5.3 Entity-Relationship
and deductive databases
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192
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5.3.1
Entity-Relationship databases
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192
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5.3.2
Deductive databases
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193
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5.4 Object-relational
databases
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194
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5.5 Query
languages
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198
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5.6
What is an object-oriented
database?
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200
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5.7 Benefits
of object-oriented databases
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207
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5.7.1
Benefits arising from a need to use object-oriented
programming
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207
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5.7.2
Benefits arising from enriched semantic capabilities
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208
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5.7.3
Benefits of object-oriented databases as such
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209
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5.7.4 Problems
with object-oriented databases
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211
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5.8 Survey
of OODB products
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213
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5.8.1
Commercial object-oriented databases
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213
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5.8.2
Other influential products and projects
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220
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5.9 Referential
integrity in object databases
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223
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5.10 Applications
of object-oriented databases
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227
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5.10.1
Distributed databases and full-content retrieval
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228
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5.11 Strategic
considerations
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230
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5.12 Summary
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231
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5.13 Bibliographical
notes
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233
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5.14
Exercises
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235
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6 Object-oriented
analysis and design
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237
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6.1 The
history of object-oriented design and analysis
methods
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238
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6.2 Software
engineering
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242
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6.2.1
Responsibility-driven versus data-driven
approaches
6.2.2
Translational versus elaborational approaches
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247
248
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6.3 Object-oriented
analysis and design using UML and Catalysis
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249
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6.3.1
Object structures
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253
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6.3.2
Using use cases to discover types
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262
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6.3.3
Invariants and rulesets
6.3.4
Invariants and encapsulation
6.3.5
State models
6.3.6
Moving to component design
6.3.8
The design process
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269
282
290
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300
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6.3.9
Documenting models
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301
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6.3.10
Real-time extensions
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302
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6.4 Identifying
objects
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304
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6.4.1
Philosophy of knowledge and classification theory
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306
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6.4.2
Task analysis
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311
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6.4.3
Kelly grids
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316
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6.5 CASE
tools
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319
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6.6 Summary
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321
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6.7 Bibliographical
notes
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321
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6.8 Exercises
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322
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7 Architecture,
patterns and components
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325
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7.1 Software
and system architecture
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7.2 Patterns,
architecture and decoupling
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7.2.1
Design patterns for decoupling
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7.3 Designing
components
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7.2.1
Components for flexibility
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7.2.2
Large-scale connectors
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7.2.3
Mapping the business model to the implementation
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7.2.4
Business components and libraries
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7.4 Summary
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7.5 Bibliographical
notes
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7.6 Exercises
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8 Requirements
engineering
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378
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8.1 Approaches
to requirements engineering
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8.2 Requirements
engineering versus system specification
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8.2.1
Collaborative work, work-flow automation and
groupware
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8.3 De-scoping
large problems – the mission grid
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8.4 Discovering
business objectives and priorities
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8.5 Agents,
conversations and business processes
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8.5.1
business process models
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8.5.2
Activity diagrams and business process modelling
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8.6 From
conversations to tasks and use cases
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8.7 From
the Task Object Model to the Business Object
Model
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8.8 Seamlessness
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8.9 The
syllogism pattern for use case generation
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8.10 Ensuring
the completeness of scenarios
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8.11 Task
association sets and sequence diagrams
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8.11.1
Conjunctive, disjunctive and nested association
sets
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8.12 Executable
specifications and simulation
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8.12.1
Discrete event and time-based simulation
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8.13 Organizing
and running requirements workshops
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8.13.1
Rôles adopted during a workshop
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8.13.2
Who should attend workshops
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8.13.3
Selecting a location
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8.13.4
Workshop logistics
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8.13.5
Workshop organizer's and facilitator's checklists
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8.13.6
Facilitation skills
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8.13.7
Who should record the session
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8.13.8
Running a workshop
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8.13.9
Using interviewing techniques in a workshop
context
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8.14 Summary
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8.15 Bibliographical
Notes
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8.16 Exercises
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9 Process
and project management
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464
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9.1 Why
follow a process?
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9.2 What
must an object-oriented method do?
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9.3 Classic
life cycle models
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9.3.1
Waterfall, V and X models
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9.3.2
Spiral models
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9.3.3
The fountain model and MOSES
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9.3.4
Fractals, conches and pinballs
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9.4 Workshops,
time-boxes and evolutionary development
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9.4.1
Principles of dynamic system development
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9.5 Process
and product life-cycle models
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9.5.1
OO life cycle models
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9.5.2
Objectory and the Rational Unified Process
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9.5.3
The OPEN Process Framework
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9.6 The
TriReme contract-driven process model
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9.6.1
Project Initiation stage and activity
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9.6.2
Requirements activity
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9.6.3
Analysis elaboration activity
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9.6.4
Time-box planning activity
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9.6.5
Development within a time-box: The Build activity
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9.6.6
Design activity
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9.6.7
Programming activity
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9.6.8
Testing activity
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9.6.9
User review and UAT activity
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9.6.10
Consolidation, coordination, reuse and documentation
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9.6.11
Evaluation and reuse evaluation activity
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9.6.12
Implementation planning activity
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9.6.13
Development planning and resource planning activities
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9.6.14
Domain modelling and repository administration
activity
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9.6.15
Bug fixing activity
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9.6.16
General project management tasks and issues
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9.6.17
Project rôles and responsibilities
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9.7 Reuse
management
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9.8 Metrics
and process improvement
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9.9 Principles
of user interface design
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9.9.1
Designing the HCI
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9.9.1
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology
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9.9.1
Principles for HCI design
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9.9.1
Guidelines for user interface design
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9.10 Testing
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9.11 Changing
the IT organization
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9.12 Summary
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9.13 Bibliographical
notes
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9.14 Exercises
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10 Applications
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582
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10.1 Web
applications
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10.2 Other
commercial applications
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10.2.1
Graphical user interfaces
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10.2.2
Simulation
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10.2.3
Geographic information system
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10.2.4
Concurrent systems and parallel hardware
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10.2.5
Other applications
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10.3 Expert
systems, AI and intelligent agents
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10.3.1
Blackboards and actor systems
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10.3.2
Neural networks and parallel computing
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10.3.3
Intelligent agents
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10.4 Back
to the future
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10.5 Summary
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10.6 Bibliographical
notes
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Appendices
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A Fuzzy
objects: inheritance under uncertainty
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625
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A.1 Representing
knowledge about objects in AI
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A.2 Basic
concepts of fuzzy set theory
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A.3 Fuzzy
objects
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A.4 An
application
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A.5 Fuzzy
objects, fuzzy quantifiers and nonmonotonic
logics
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A.6 Business
policy and fuzzy models
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A.7 Control
rules for fuzzy multiple inheritance systems
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A.8 Design
theory for fuzzy objects
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A.9 The
relationship of fuzzy objects to other concepts
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A.10 Summary
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A.11 Bibliographical
notes
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B Seminal
OOA/D methods
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663
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B.1 Early
design methods and notations
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B.2 Analysis
methods and notations
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B.3 Transformational
versus elaborational methods
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B.4 Methods
and process (MOSES, SOMA, Fusion, Texel)
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B.5 Summary
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B.6 Bibliographical
notes
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C
UML notation summary
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739
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D Answers
to selected exercises
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Glossary
of terms
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References
and bibliography
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Name
index
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Subject
index
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